Alotransplante de pele como alternativa para o tratamento da queimadura dolorosa da criança / Allograft skin as an alternative for the treatment of the painful burn in children

Queimaduras de segundo grau são especialmente dolorosas em crianças. A cada dia que passa, a pele queimada tende a cicatrizar, mas há momentos em que a área lesada fica pior devido a curativos inadequados ou à infecção. A utilização de substitutivos dérmicos deve ser considerada. Relatamos a utilização de aloenxerto de pele como um substitutivo dérmico transitório, a fim de diminuir a dor e promover a reepitelização em queimaduras dolorosas de segundo grau. A redução da dor foi completa após o uso do aloenxerto de pele. A criança obteve reepitelização completa da área lesada, não necessitando de internação e enxerto autólogo. Aloenxertos podem representar uma possibilidade de cobertura temporária para queimaduras dolorosas de segundo grau em crianças.

Second-degree burns are especially painful in children. With each passing day, the burned skin tends to heal, but there are times when the injured area gets worst due to inadequate dressing or infection. The use of dermal substitutes must be considered. We report the use of skin allograft as a transitory dermal substitute in order to decrease pain and promote re-epithelialization in painful second-degree burns. The child got complete re-epithelialization of the injured area, not requiring hospitalization and skin grafts. The pain reduction was complete after using skin allograft. Allografts may represent a possibility of temporary coverage in painful second-degree burns in children.

An experimental model to retraining in microvascular suture.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate an experimental model of up to four hours a week of independent study that allows relearning in microvascular sutures. METHODS: Wistar rats between 200 and 500 grams surplus research experiments were used. Femoral vessels are covered on one or both sides through a groin incision obliquely along the inguinal ligament. Femoral artery and vein are isolated and measured being clamped and cut. The individual performs in microvascular anastomosis complexity arterial and venous terminoterminal sequence. terminolateral and venous and arterial grafts in vessels. Permeability is evaluated by testing vascular patency after creation of microvascular anastomosis. RESULTS: In the first specimen, only arterial and venous vascular anastomosis are performed terminoterminal. The average diameter of the femoral veins varies from 0.8 to 2 mm between rodents (artery, between 0.6 and 1.4 mm, between 0.8 and 2 mm vein). The superficiality of the vessels allows faster dissection, may also be held in other inguinal region. CONCLUSION: The model of individual retraining allows learning microvascular suture in individuals of permanent staff.

A gastrocnemius heterotopical transplant model with end-to-side neurorraphy.

PURPOSE: To present an animal model to assess the effects of end-to-side innervation in the heterotopically transplanted model with reduced chances of neural contamination. METHODS: The medial portion of the gastrocnemius muscle in wistar male rats was isolated and its pedicle dissected and performed a flap in the abdominal portion. To prevent neural contamination in the abdominal region, the muscle was wrapped with a Goretex(r) sheet. The specimens were divided into 2 groups (G). In G1 was performed an end-to-end suture between tibial nerve of the gastrocnemius and femoral motor nerve and between the saphenous sensory nerve and the motor nerve. In G2 was performed a end-to-side suture between the tibial nerve and the motor femoral and between the tibial nerve and saphenous motor nerve. The specimens were evaluated 60 days later to check the structure of the neurorraphy. Sections were obtained proximal and distal to the coaptation site. RESULTS: The medial gastrocnemius muscle had the advantage of maintaining visible mass after 60 days. No disruption of the coaptation site was found. No major injury to the donor nerve was seen in group 2. CONCLUSION: The proposed model is simple, reproduciple and prevent the neural contamination in the flap in end-to-side suture.

A gastrocnemius heterotopical transplant model with end-to-side neurorraphy

PURPOSE: To present an animal model to assess the effects of end-to-side innervation in the heterotopically transplanted model with reduced chances of neural contamination. METHODS: The medial portion of the gastrocnemius muscle in wistar male rats was isolated and its pedicle dissected and performed a flap in the abdominal portion. To prevent neural contamination in the abdominal region, the muscle was wrapped with a Goretex(r) sheet. The specimens were divided into 2 groups (G). In G1 was performed an end-to-end suture between tibial nerve of the gastrocnemius and femoral motor nerve and between the saphenous sensory nerve and the motor nerve. In G2 was performed a end-to-side suture between the tibial nerve and the motor femoral and between the tibial nerve and saphenous motor nerve. The specimens were evaluated 60 days later to check the structure of the neurorraphy. Sections were obtained proximal and distal to the coaptation site. RESULTS: The medial gastrocnemius muscle had the advantage of maintaining visible mass after 60 days. No disruption of the coaptation site was found. No major injury to the donor nerve was seen in group 2. CONCLUSION: The proposed model is simple, reproduciple and prevent the neural contamination in the flap in end-to-side suture. .

An experimental model to retraining in microvascular suture

PURPOSE: To demonstrate an experimental model of up to four hours a week of independent study that allows relearning in microvascular sutures. METHODS: Wistar rats between 200 and 500 grams surplus research experiments were used. Femoral vessels are covered on one or both sides through a groin incision obliquely along the inguinal ligament. Femoral artery and vein are isolated and measured being clamped and cut. The individual performs in microvascular anastomosis complexity arterial and venous terminoterminal sequence. terminolateral and venous and arterial grafts in vessels. Permeability is evaluated by testing vascular patency after creation of microvascular anastomosis. RESULTS: In the first specimen, only arterial and venous vascular anastomosis are performed terminoterminal. The average diameter of the femoral veins varies from 0.8 to 2 mm between rodents (artery, between 0.6 and 1.4 mm, between 0.8 and 2 mm vein). The superficiality of the vessels allows faster dissection, may also be held in other inguinal region. CONCLUSION: The model of individual retraining allows learning microvascular suture in individuals of permanent staff. .

VIABILITY OF VASCULARIZED BONE GRAFT FROM THE ILIAC CREST USING THE ILIAC BRANCH OF THE ILIOLUMBAR ARTERY: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RATS.

OBJECTIVE: Through an experimental model, our aim was to create inferences about the viability of vascularized bone grafts from the iliac crest in rats and investigate their histological features. METHODS: Twenty-one rats were used, divided into two groups: the first consisted of animals that were subjected to the technique of vascularized bone graft pedicled onto the iliac branch of the iliolumbar artery; the second (control group) underwent the same procedure as performed on the first group, with the addition of ligation of the vascular pedicle. The viability of the bone grafts was observed for three weeks, by means of direct observation of the graft, histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: All the vascularized grafts evaluated in the first week showed viability according to direct observation, histology and immunohistochemistry. However, in the second and third weeks, direct observation showed that 75% of the grafts were unviable, while histological analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that 50% were unviable. CONCLUSIONS: Some grafts that are designed to be vascularized became unviable and began to behave like non-vascularized grafts under direct observation and histology. Despite the possibility of failure, use of vascularized bone grafts should be encouraged, because descriptive histology shows greater cell density in the medullary bone portion, and osteocytes that function better regarding deposition of bone matrix, with preservation of the intraosseous vascular network.

Viabilidade do enxerto ósseo da crista ilíaca vascularizado pelo ramo ilíaco da artéria iliolombar: estudo experimental em ratos / Viability of vascularized bone graft from the iliac crest using the iliac branch of the iliolumbar artery: experimental study on rats

OBJETIVO: Através de um modelo experimental, pretendemos criar inferências sobre a viabilidade do enxerto ósseo vascularizado da crista ilíaca em ratos e verificar suas características histológicas. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 21 ratos, que foram divididos em dois grupos: o primeiro consistindo por animais submetidos à técnica de enxerto ósseo vascularizado e pediculado sobre o ramo ilíaco da artéria iliolombar; o segundo (grupo controle) sofreu o mesmo procedimento do primeiro com a adição da ligadura do pedículo vascular. A viabilidade dos enxertos ósseos foi verificada durante três semanas, através da visualização direta do enxerto, histologia e imunoistoquímica. RESULTADOS: Todos os enxertos vascularizados avaliados na primeira semana apresentaram viabilidade segundo a observação direta, histologia e imunoistoquímica. Entretanto, na segunda e terceira semanas os enxertos mostraram-se inviáveis em 75% dos casos quando submetidos à avaliação segundo a observação direta e em 50% dos casos quando realizada a análise histológica e imunoistoquímica. CONCLUSÃO: Alguns enxertos vascularizados em sua concepção tornaram-se inviáveis e passaram a se comportar como enxertos não vascularizados sob a análise da observação direta e histológica. Apesar da possibilidade de falha, o uso de enxertos ósseos vascularizados deve ser incentivado, pois a histologia descritiva demonstrou maior densidade celular na porção óssea medular, osteócitos com maior funcionalidade na deposição de matriz óssea, com rede vascular intraóssea preservada.

OBJECTIVE: Through an experimental model, our aim was to create inferences about the viability of vascularized bone grafts from the iliac crest in rats and investigate their histological features. METHODS: Twenty-one rats were used, divided into two groups: the first consisted of animals that were subjected to the technique of vascularized bone graft pedicled onto the iliac branch of the iliolumbar artery; the second (control group) underwent the same procedure as performed on the first group, with the addition of ligation of the vascular pedicle. The viability of the bone grafts was observed for three weeks, by means of direct observation of the graft, histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: All the vascularized grafts evaluated in the first week showed viability according to direct observation, histology and immunohistochemistry. However, in the second and third weeks, direct observation showed that 75% of the grafts were unviable, while histological analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that 50% were unviable. CONCLUSIONS: Some grafts that are designed to be vascularized became unviable and began to behave like nonvascularized grafts under direct observation and histology. Despite the possibility of failure, use of vascularized bone grafts should be encouraged, because descriptive histology shows greater cell density in the medullary bone portion, and osteocytes that function better regarding deposition of bone matrix, with preservation of the intraosseous vascular network.

End-to-end versus end-to-side motor and sensory neurorrhaphy in the repair of the acute muscle denervation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to experimentally compare end-to-end and end-to-side neurorrhaphy in perineural window model after motor nerve lesion, evaluating which one was the most effective to preserve nerves. Also, differences in motor and sensorial nerve regeneration were tested to verify differences in nerve regeneration. METHODS: A total of 20 adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups, and, in each one, a different treatment was performed: besides the control group, and end-to-end or end-to-side graft with motor or sensorial nerves was performed. Silastic sheet was used as a mechanical barrier to prevent innervation from adjacent nerves. After 16 weeks, the specimens were histologically assessed and wet weight was evaluated as a direct parameter of atrophy. RESULTS: The end-to-end neurorrhaphy group presented the best results in terms of mass preservation, but it did not differ significantly from the control group. Motor nerves presented similar results in muscular atrophy. The end-to-side neurorrhaphy group with sensory nerve as donor showed the worst results. CONCLUSIONS: The use of sensory nerves to preserve skeletal muscle trophism is not justified, since, according to our model, it affects 50% to 80% of the muscle mass in a period of 16 weeks. End-to-side neurorrhaphy was demonstrated to be an option for re-enervation of a nerve-deprived motor muscle in selected cases.

Reparação de defeitos parciais do nariz após excisão tumoral / Repair of partial nose defects after tumor excision

A incidência dos neoplasmas de pele aumentou muito nas últimas décadas. As exigências estéticas também. O nariz é o centro da face e também local frequente do carcinoma basocelular, o câncer de pele mais comum. Pequenas distorções na arquitetura dessa região podem produzir efeitos estéticos e funcionais indesejáveis, mas a reconstrução deve ser realizada com o cuidado de não dificultar o controle local da neoplasia.

The incidence of skin neoplasms has increased greatly in recent decades, and the aesthetic demands too. The nose is the center of the face and also a frequent site of basal cell carcinoma, the most common skin cancer. Small distortions in the architecture of this region can produce undesirable aesthetic and functional effects, but the reconstruction must be undertaken carefully so as not to hamper the local control of the neoplasm.

Experiência com a modelagem nasoalveolar precoce em um recém-nascido portador de fissura lábio-alveolar / Experience with early nasoalveolar molding in a clefted child

O tratamento das fissuras lábio-palatinas evoluiu muito nas últimas décadas. O tratamento atual da deformidade inclui técnicas ortopédicas de modelagem nasoalveolar como a Modelagem Nasoalveolar Passiva (MNA), que tem por objetivo a redução da largura da fissura alveolar e do palato, bem como da modelagem da região nasal afetada, logo após o nascimento. A MNA é iniciada na primeira semana de vida e se continua durante os primeiros meses, até a data do fechamento cirúrgico do lábio. O presente artigo relata o caso de um recém-nascido com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de fissura lábio-alveolar. O diagnóstico precoce possibilitou o encaminhamento para o especialista, de tal forma que o tratamento foi iniciado logo após o nascimento. Ao final da MNA, a operação de correção da fissura nasoalveolar determinou o fechamento completo do defeito, e o aspecto da região tratada se assemelhava ao do lado não afetado.

The care of lip and palate clefts has progressed a lot in the last decades. Current treatment of the deformity includes orthopedic techniques of nasoalveolar molding such as the passive Nasoalveolar Molding (NAM), which is intended to reduce the width of the alveolar and palate cleft, as well as reshaping the affected nasal area, soon after birth. NAM is indicated to be performed in the first week of life and be continued over the next months, up to the eventual surgical closure of the lip. The present paper reports the case of a newborn with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of cleft alveolus and lip. Early diagnosis made it possible to promptly refer the patient to a specialist, so that treatment began soon after birth. At the end of NAM, the procedure to correct the nasoalveolar cleft determined the complete closure of the defect, and the aspect of the treated area can be appreciated.

Modelo experimental de reimplante digital utilizando os vasos femorais do rato / The rat femoral vessels as a training model for digital replantation

Introdução: A oportunidade de aprendizado em microanastomoses vasculares confere ao indivíduo em treinamento a possibilidade de execução de operações de maior complexidade. O presente estudo traz um modelo laboratorial que possibilita o aprendizado das técnicas microvasculares. Objetivo: Demonstrar um protocolo de treinamento em microanastomoses vasculares que reproduz a situação clínica do reimplante digital. Metodologia: São utilizados roedores oriundos de uma população excedente do biotério de projetos de pesquisa em andamento. O treinamento é focalizado na dissecção e confecção dos diversos tipos de anastomoses nos vasos femorais do rato. O indivíduo realiza o treinamento de forma independente e executa em seqüência de complexidade anastomoses microvasculares arteriais e venosas terminoterminais, terminolaterais e enxertos venosos e arteriais. Resultados: A posição superficial e a bilateralidade dos vasos, neste modelo, possibilita o treinamento e a avaliação da permeabilidade na confecção das microanastomoses. O calibre dos vasos femorais reproduz com acurácia o calibre dos vasos digitais humanos. Conclusão: O protocolo de treinamento laboratorial de estudo independente nos vasos femorais do rato permite a confecção de diversos tipos de microanastomoses e apresenta semelhança no calibre dos vasos encontrados com os vasos digitais no reimplante digital.

Introduction: The opportunity of learning in vascular microanastomoses gives the trainee the chance to perform operations of greater complexity. This study presents a laboratory animal model that allows the learning of microvascular techniques. Aim: To demonstrate a training protocol in vascular microanastomoses that reproduces the clinical situation of digital replantation. Methods: Rodents of an excess population from the breeding colony of the ongoing research program are used. The training is focused on the dissection and performance of several types of anastomoses in rat femoral vessels. The trainee undergoes the training in independent fashion and performs a sequence of ascending complexity of terminoterminal and terminolateral arterial and venous microvascular anastomoses and venous and arterial grafts. Results: The superficial position and the bilaterality of vessels, in this model, allows training and evaluating the permeability of the performed microanastomoses. The caliber of femoral vessels accurately reproduces the caliber of human digital vessels. Conclusion: The protocol of laboratory training as independent study of rat femoral vessels allows the performance of several types of microanastomoses and bears resemblance in vessel caliber with the digital vessels in digital replantation.

Queloides na adolescência: a busca pelo melhor tratamento / Keloids in adolescence: searching for the best treatment

Queloides são lesões benignas que resultam de uma proliferação fibroblástica excessiva da derme após o trauma de pele. As lesões são espessas, ultrapassam os limites da lesão inicial e invadem a pele normal. Existem diversas teorias que procuram explicar os mecanismos de formação desse tipo de lesão, mas a real patogênese ainda não foi elucidada, o que explica a multiplicidade de tratamentos disponíveis, não havendo consenso na literatura sobre a melhor abordagem terapêutica. No presente artigo, descrevemos o caso de uma adolescente que desenvolveu queloide em abdome após lesão por arma de fogo e abordamos os diversos aspectos do tratamento. Nessa faixa etária, deve-se atentar para a seguran- ça dos métodos terapêuticos empregados. Entre as opções existentes, a combinação de excisão cirúrgica com aplicação de triancinolona representa uma opção segura e eficaz (AU)

Keloids are benign lesions resulting from excessive fibroblastic proliferation of the dermis after skin injury. The lesions are thick, surpass the edges of the initial injury and invade the normal skin. There is a number of theories explaining the mechanisms of formation of this type of lesion, but the real pathogenesis is not yet elucidated, with no consensus on the best therapeutic approach, which accounts for the many available treatments. In this article, we report the case of a teenager who developed an abdominal keloid after fire gun injury and discuss several aspects of treatment. In this age group, the safety of the therapeutic methods used must be heeded. Among the existing options, the combination of surgical resection and triamcinolone administration stands as an effective, safe choice (AU)

Correction of the alveolar gap and nostril deformity by presurgical passive orthodontia in the unilateral cleft lip.

The use of the nasoalveolar molding technique (NAM) aims to reduce passively the width of the alveolar gap, while improving the AP discrepancy but also focusing on the nose. We developed a within-subjects study in which 11 infants with unilateral lip deformity and varying degrees of alveolar gaps were treated by NAM. Patients included in the study presented alveolar gap at the first appointment to configure the molding device. Alveolar gap was then measured again at the time of lip repair to evaluate the impact of the appliance utilization, and the nostril shape was reassessed to verify the benefit relative to nose symmetry. All patients obtained significant reduction of the alveolar gap. The appliance also facilitated primary nasal positioning, significantly improving nasal symmetry and nostril shape. NAM constitutes an important adjunct to ameliorate the results of primary definitive lip repair while also improving the surgeon's ability to provide nasal symmetry.

Ganglioneuroma no interior de um névus melanocítico gigante: um mero achado acidental? / Cutaneous ganglioneuroma within giant congenital nevus: mere coincidence?

Ganglioneuromas cutâneos são lesões raramente descritas na literatura médica e, deforma ainda mais especial, em associação com outras lesões. Relatamos o achado de umamassa cervical detectada por exame de ultra-som pré-natal, que regrediu no decorrer dagravidez. Após o nascimento, extensa área pigmentada foi observada na mesma localizaçãoda massa, além de um tumor sólido palpável no seu interior. O diagnóstico diferencialcom outros tumores derivados de células da crista neural é importante, assim como acorrelação entre o névus piloso e o ganglioneuroma cutâneo.

Cutaneous ganglioneuroma have been occasionally reported in the literature. We describea case in which a cervical mass firstly detected by routine prenatal ultrasound examinationregressed throughout the months until delivery. After birth, an extensive area ofpigmentation was found at the same location, with a solid mass was perceptible within.The differential diagnosis between other neural crest tumors should be established, aswell the correlation between congenital nevus and cutaneous ganglioneuroma.

Qual é a profundidade da pigmentação do nevus piloso gigante que acomete o dorso? / Congenital giant nevocellular nevus of the back with worsening deep extension to the fat and fascia?

A presença de pigmentação profunda no nevus piloso gigante dificulta sua ressecção completa e deve ser levada em consideração no plano de tratamento. Um caso clínico no qual a pigmentação foi encontrada atingindo a fáscia muscular levou-nos a avaliar as possibilidades terapêuticas disponíveis. A lesão foi removida cirurgicamente, com comprovação patológica de remoção completa de toda sua extensão na profundidade, com resultado estético-funcional favorável através da utilização de expansores de tecido. Técnicas atuais para a reconstrução cirúrgica após a remoção dos nevos pilosos incluem excisão seriada, enxertia de pele parcial, enxertia de pele total e retalhos cutâneos pré-expandidos. Qualquer que seja o método, a remoção completa do nevus piloso gigante que acomete o dorso é muitas vezes impossível sem mutilação, casos em que a melhor opção é a ressecção parcial da lesão seguida de acompanhamento clínico rigoroso. O avanço nas indicações de alguns tipos de laser tem possibilitado novas perspectivas no tratamento dessas lesões, mas o laser não remove os melanócitos sob a camada dérmica profunda e podem dificultar o monitoramento de malignizações. Atualmente, a cirurgia ainda permanece a forma mais segura de tratamento para o nevus piloso gigante que acomete o dorso.

Giant congenital nevi are melanocytic lesions that cover large areas of the body and are associated with the development of malignant melanoma. Recent numbers showed that the risk of malignancy is lower than previously reported, making the treatment based merely on oncologic anticipation no longer suitable. The presence of deep pigmentation makes certain treatment options not as effective as surgical ablation. A clinical case is presented here to raise treatment options when the deeper location of the pigmentation may alter the surgeon’s approach. The presence of deep pigmentation in a Giant Congenital Nevus makes its complete removal very difficult and should be taken into consideration when planning for treatment. A clinical case in which the pigmented lesion was found to extend deep into the muscle fascia is described. The lesion was surgically removed with an acceptable functional and aesthetic result through the utilization of tissue expansion. Modern techniques for surgical reconstruction after removal of the giant nevus include serial excision, partial skin graft, full- thickness skin graft and the utilization of previously expanded skin flaps. Whatever the method of treatment employed, complete removal might de impossible without mutilation, situation in which it is preferable partial removal followed by close clinical follow-up. The indications for utilization of lasers have opened a horizon of possibilities; however, the laser treatment does not remove pigmented cells located at the level of the deep dermis, and they may difficult the follow- up. The presence of deep pigmentation makes certain treatment options not as effective as surgical ablation.

Congenital giant nevocellular nevus of the back with deep extension to the fat and fascia.

The presence of deep pigmentation in a giant congenital nevus makes its complete removal very difficult and should be taken into consideration when planning for treatment. A clinical case in which the pigmented lesion was found to extend deep into the muscle fascia is described. The lesion was surgically removed with an acceptable functional and aesthetic result through the utilization of tissue expansion. The development of new surgical techniques and the expansion of laser technology will possibly provide new treatment options in the future. Emphasis should be placed on aesthetics and function, because the excision based only on oncological anticipation is no longer valid. The presence of deep pigmentation makes certain treatment options less effective than surgical ablation.

Cutaneous ganglioneuroma within a giant congenital nevus.

Cutaneous ganglioneuroma has only occasionally been reported in the literature. Cutaneous ganglioneuroma is seen even more rarely in association with a giant congenital nevus. Differential diagnosis includes malignancies, especially melanoma and metastatic neuroblastoma. It is essential to rule out malignancy in a solid lesion within a congenital nevus. The present report is possibly the first relating ganglioneuroma and a congenital nevus to a cervical mass detected during routine prenatal ultrasound.

Les neurocytomes cutanés sont peu déclarés dans la documentation scientifique. Ils sont encore plus rares en association avec un naevus congénital géant. Le diagnostic différentiel inclut la malignité, et surtout des mélanomes et des neuroblastomes métastatiques.Il est impératif d'écarter la possibilité de malignité dans une lésion solide d'un naevus congénital. Le présent compte rendu est peut-être le premier reliant un neurocytome et un naevus congénital à une masse cervicale décelée pendant une échographie prénatale systématique.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the nose.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a type of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis that occurs most frequently in infants and children. It is usually asymptomatic and can present as either a cutaneous or extracutaneous lesion. The present case is believed to be the first reported in the English literature of juvenile xanthogranuloma presenting as an ulcerated bleeding lesion on the dorsum of the nose.

Le xanthogranulome juvénile est un type d'histiocytose non langerhansienne qui affecte davantage les nourrissons et les enfants. Il est en général asymptomatique et peut se manifester par une lésion cutanée ou extracutanée. Le cas de xanthogranulome juvénile présenté ici serait le premier à avoir été signalé dans la littérature de langue anglaise sous la forme d'une lésion ulcérée sanguinolente au niveau de l'arête du nez.